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Definitions Online (Online Dictionaries, Glossaries, Encyclopedias and more) AI: how AAAI answers the question What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence. Article in Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. Artificial Intelligence. Entry in The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. Available from Bartleby. Artificial Intelligence. Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. 2nd ed. (1992); entry by Stuart C. Shapiro. Artificial Intelligence Encyclopedia of Computer Science, Fourth Edition (2000); entry by Stuart C. Shapiro. Artificial Intelligence. From freedictionary.com. Artificial Intelligence. Article from Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, available from the History Channel. Artificial Intelligence. To appear in the Ninth Edition of Van Nostrand Scientific Encyclopedia. (Wiley, New York, 2002); entry by David B. Leake. Artificial Intelligence. Definition in the wordIQ Encyclopedia. Artificial Intelligence Dictionary. Compiled by Bill Wilson at the University of New South Wales' School of Computer Science and Engineering, it is prefaced with the warning that this "is not a suitable way to begin to learn about AI." You'll also find links to his other online dictionaries: Machine Learning; NLP; and Prolog. Biomedical Informatics Glossary from the Third Edition (May 2006) of Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine, edited by Edward H. Shortliffe and James J. Cimino. Springer. Cognitive Science Dictionary. Maintained by Michael R. W. Dawson and David A. Medlar, University of Alberta. Computational Intelligence. Part of MIT's Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. You'll find everything from Algorithm to Norbert Wiener in this very useful resource. Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures, and Problems. From Paul E. Black at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. "This is a dictionary of algorithms, algorithmic techniques, data structures, archetypical problems, and related definitions. Algorithms include common functions, such as Ackermann's function. Problems include traveling salesman and Byzantine generals. Some entries have links to implementations and more information." Dictionary of the Philosophy of Mind. Maintained by the Philosophy of Mind Bookstore. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. From MIT Press. "MITECS classifies the cognitive and brain sciences into six domains: (1) computational intelligence (2) culture, cognition, and evolution (3) linguistics and language (4) neuroscience (5) philosophy, and (6) psychology. Each section contains an extended series of brief entries on the defining research topics of the domain." Encyclopedia of Computational Intelligence. From Scholarpedia, "the free peer reviewed encyclopedia written by scholars from all around the world." Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. From Scholarpedia, "the free peer reviewed encyclopedia written by scholars from all around the world." Encyclopedia of Educational Technology San Diego State University; Bob Hoffman, General Editor. "The primary audiences for the EET are students and novice to intermediate practitioners in these fields, who need a brief overview as a starting point to further research on specific topics. Authors are graduate students, professors, and others who contribute voluntarily. Articles are short and use multimedia to enrich learning rather than merely decorate the pages." Expert Systems Building Tools: Definitions. By H. Penny Nii. Expert System Glossary. From expertise2go.com. FAQs. See the Frequently Asked Questions we've found online covering topics such as fuzzy logic, natural language, and speech. FOLDOC: the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. Maintained by Denis Howe. "13,000 entries and still growing," and very easy to use. Geekipedia, The Wired World, from A to Z. From Wired. Glossary. From CCRG, the Cognitive Computing Research Group at The University of Memphis. Glossary. From the book, The Computational Beauty of Nature, by Gary William Flake. Available online from the MIT Press. Glossary. From Generation5. Glossary. From the book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, by Raymond Kurzweil. Available online from KurzweilAI.net. Glossary. From Technology Research News. Glossary for Information Retrieval. By Scott Weiss. Glossary of AI. From Stottler Henke Associates, Inc. This is where you'll find a definition of the AI Effect and much more. Glossary of AI Terms. FAQ 1-13 in AI FAQs, maintained by Ric Crabbe and Amit Dubey. "This is the start of a simple glossary of short definitions for AI terminology. The purpose is not to present the gorey details, but give a general idea." Glossary of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms - BABEL. From Irving & Richard Kind. Glossary of Data Mining Terms. From Two Crows Corporation. Glossary of First-Order Logic. Maintained by Peter Suber, Philosophy Department, Earlham College. "This glossary is limited to basic set theory, basic recursive function theory, two branches of logic (truth-functional propositional logic and first-order predicate logic) and their metatheory." Also see Professor Suber's other resources such as:
Glossary of Linguistic Terms. Compiled by Dr. Peter Coxhead of The University of Birmingham School of Computer Science for his students. Glossary of Terms. Special Issue on Applications of Machine Learning and the Knowledge Discovery Process. Ron Kohavi and Foster Provost, eds. (1998). Machine Learning, 30: 271-274. "To help readers understand common terms in machine learning, statistics, and data mining, we provide a glossary of common terms." Glossary of Terms. From PC AI. Jargon Buster. From the BBC /Open University series: The Next Big Thing - Artificial Intelligence. Knowledge Management Glossary. From R.G. Smith & Associates. Machine Discovery Terminology. Compiled by Willi Kloesgen and Jan Zytkow. "Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) uses concepts and techniques developed in many areas. Artificial intelligence subfields of machine discovery, machine learning, heuristic search, knowledge representation, and statistics are among the major contributors." Machine Learning Dictionary. Compiled by Bill Wilson, Associate Professor in the Artificial Intelligence Group, School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of NSW. "You should use The Machine Learning Dictionary to clarify or revise concepts that you have already met. The Machine Learning Dictionary is not a suitable way to begin to learn about Machine Learning." Machine Vision Glossary of Terms. This glossary from Image Labs International covers everything from Aberration to Zoom Lens. Must-know terms for the 21st Century intellectual - Redux. George P. Dvorsky's Sentient Developments Blog (January 11, 2007). Natural Language Processing Dictionary (NLP Dictionary). Compiled by Bill Wilson, Associate Professor in the Artificial Intelligence Group, School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of NSW. "You should use The NLP Dictionary to clarify or revise concepts that you have already met. The NLP Dictionary is not a suitable way to begin to learn about NLP." Robot: a collection of definitions on our Robots page Software History Dictionary Project at the Charles Babbage Institute. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Connectionism, Game Theory, Non-Monotonic Logic, Turning Machine, and much, much more. Webopedia, a free online dictionary for computer and Internet technology definitions from the internet.com network of Web sites. "whatis?com is a knowledge exploration tool about information technology, especially about the Internet and computers. It contains over 2,000 individual encyclopedic definition/topics and a number of quick-reference pages. The topics contain about 12,000 hyperlinked cross-references between definition-topics and to other sites for further information." The World Wide Web Acronym and Abbreviation Server. Maintained by Peter Flynn.
Online Bibliographies, Digital Libraries and more In addition to the links to various bibliographies which you'll find on many of the pages within AI Topics, you should check out: AAAI Digital Library, from the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, contains material from AI Magazine, The Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, conference proceedings, symposia papers, workshop reports and much more. ACM Digital Library, the ACM Portal from the Association for Computing Machinery. AI Bibliographies compiled by Ric Crabbe, Amy Dubeyand and Mark Kantrowitz. An individual bibliography of "introductory texts, overviews and references" is provided for over 30 subjects. Biblio Query. By OMFAI/IMKAI. A searchable bibliography on artificial intelligence by the Dept. of Medical Cybernetics and AI at the University of Vienna and the Austrian Research Institute for AI. Bibliographies on Artificial Intelligence. Maintained by Alf-Christian Achilles. This is part of The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies which is updated monthly and now contains over one million references. The search feature is very user friendly. The bibliography for the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Links to other bibliographies are also provided at the outset. Biomedical Literature (and text) Mining Publications, BLIMP, "covers all publications related to the fast-growing field of biomedical literature and text mining. It is a one-stop resource, letting researchers find out who-does-what in the area and where it is published, bridging across the many discipline-specific venues in which biomedical text-mining papers are published." CiteSeer.IST - Scientific Literature Digital Library. "CiteSeer is a scientific literature digital library and search engine that focuses primarily on the literature in computer and information science. CiteSeer aims to improve the dissemination and feedback of the scientific literature and to provide improvements in functionality, usability, availability, cost, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and timeliness in the access of scientific and scholarly knowledge. CiteSeer was developed at the NEC Research Institute ... [and] is currently hosted at Penn State's School of Information Sciences and Technology."
Online or Invisible? Steve Lawrence, NEC Research Institute. [Edited version appears in Nature, Volume 411, Number 6837, p. 521, 2001.] "Articles freely available online are more highly cited. For greater impact and faster scientific progress, authors and publishers should aim to make research easy to access." Classic Books in AI: AAAI is pleased to offer this permanent electronic archive of out-of-print classic books in AI. is "an Open-Access EPrint archive for self-archive papers." As of 9/02, there were over 281 records in their .
The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies: "This is a collection of bibliographies of scientific literature in computer science from various sources, covering most aspects of computer science. The bibliographies are updated weekly from their original locations such that you'll always find the most recent versions here." Here's a small sample of what is covered in the collection:
"The Computer Science Teaching Center (CSTC) is an internet-based repository of peer-reviewed teaching resources for computer science educators. The CSTC is designed to facilitate access to quality teaching materials developed worldwide. It is endorsed by the Association of Computing Machinery and funded by the National Science Foundation." Computing Research Repository. "Through a partnership of ACM, the Los Alamos e-Print archive, and NCSTRL (Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library), an online Computing Research Repository (CoRR) has been established. The CoRR is available to all members of the community at no charge." As for subject areas, "AI - Artificial Intelligence: Covers all areas of AI except Vision, Robotics, Machine Learning, and Computation and Language (Natural Language Processing), which have separate subject areas. In particular, includes Multiagent Systems, Expert Systems, Theorem Proving (although this may overlap with Logic in Computer Science), Knowledge Representation, Planning, and Uncertainty in AI. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes I.2.0, I.2.1, I.2.3, I.2.4, I.2.8, and I.2.11." "Cora [a continuing research project at Just Research] is a special-purpose search engine covering computer science research papers. It allows keyword searches over the partial text of Postscript-formatted papers it has found by spidering the Web. Cora provides access to over 50,000 research papers on all computer science subjects." Topics include Artificial Intelligence, Human-Computer Interaction, and Information Retrieval. Digital Bibliography & Library Project."The DBLP server provides bibliographic information on major computer science journals and proceedings. Initially the server was focused on DataBase systems and Logic Programming (DBLP), now it is gradually being expanded toward other fields of computer science. You may now read 'DBLP' as 'Digital Bibliography & Library Project'. The server indexes more than 200,000 articles and contains several thousand links to home pages of computer scientists (March 2001)." Digital Library of India. This is where you'll find the Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) from 1969 to the present. DoCIS - Documents in Computing and Information Science. Maintained by Angela Cornwell and Thomas Krichel. "DoCIS is a service of the rclis digital library. rclis is dedicated to promoting free access to data about documents in computing and library and information science." "FindArticles.com is a vast archive of published articles that you can search for free. Constantly updated, it contains articles dating back to 1998 from more than 300 magazines and journals." "Google Scholar enables you to search specifically for scholarly literature, including peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from all broad areas of research." Howstuffworks - Computer Library. Internet Public Library. Over 20,000 books are available online without charge, as well as plenty of magazines, newspapers and much, much more. MIT OpenCourseWare. "This initiative supports MIT's fundamental mission — to advance knowledge and education to best serve the nation and the world." Courses are offered in areas such as Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (see for example: 6.034 Artificial Intelligence, Spring 2003 and 6.345 Automatic Speech Recognition, Spring 2003). NSDL, the National Science Digital Library: "The Nation's online library of resources for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education and research." Neuroscience: It's All in Your Head. By Lisa A. Ennis. Library Journal (October 1, 2007). "The dynamic and rapidly expanding field of neuroscience traditionally has involved the study of the nervous system from a biological/medical standpoint. But in recent years the science has become multidisciplinary, attracting researchers from computer science, psychology, sociology, philosophy, and even the humanities. ... For public and college libraries, developing a well-rounded, balanced, and broadly accessible collection of books, periodicals, DVDs, and web sites on this highly technical and academic subject can be challenging. The following bibliography provides a general listing of recent titles, mostly nonmedical, that demonstrate neuroscience's breadth. ... " The On-Line Books Page. "The On-Line Books Page is a directory of books that can be freely read right on the Internet. It includes: An index of thousands of on-line books on the Internet; Pointers to significant directories and archives of on-line texts; Special exhibits ...and more! The On-Line Books Page was founded in 1993 by John Mark Ockerbloom ... He remains the editor of the pages...." "PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature." Robot Dreams - Build Your Own R2D2. By Dave Hook. Library Journal (November 1, 2002). "Collection Development: Building a robot involves knowledge of several fields such as electronics, motors, wiring, computers, programming, control systems, power systems, power transmission, mechanics, and fabricating. In creating a robotics collection, librarians need to consider their users' skill levels in these areas. Beginning enthusiasts may want to know where to start and how to go about building their first robot. The more experienced hobbyists will be more interested in where to find parts or code for programming their controller. ... Most of the titles listed here are for beginners and assume little previous knowledge, although there are also a few manuals for the more advanced hobbyist."  Our collection is a bit eclectic, but informative nevertheless. Check it out at Industry Statistics. Our collection of AI related quotations. [Please keep in mind that we're always open to suggestions for new material!] An Arc Through AI Space. Compiled by Jocelyn Paine.AI Expert Newsletter from Dr. Dobb's Journal (September 2005). "I came across a few of the quotes below while looking up references for another article. It's an article that hasn't yet worked out, but I thought it would be fun to use them to trace a path through the past - and perhaps future - development of AI.Artificial Intelligence." Artificial Intelligence Quotations from Stottler Henke Associates, Inc. AI Dictionaries -- found in research libraries, not available online Beardon, Colin. 1989. Artificial Intelligence Terminology; A Reference Guide. New York: Wiley & Sons. Mercadel, Dennis. 1994. Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Raynor, William, editor. 1998. The International Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence. Chicago/London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. Rosenberg, Jerry M. 1986. Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. New York: Wiley & Sons. Smith, Raoul N. 1989. The Facts on File Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Facts on File. Thro, Ellen 1991. The Artificial Intelligence Dictionary. San Marcos, CA: Microtrend Books. Vollnhals, Otto. 1992. A Multilingual Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Routledge. AI Encyclopedias and Handbooks -- not available online Barr, Avron, Paul R. Cohen, and Edward A. Feigenbaum, editors. 1989. The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. IV, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. Other volumes published separately. (A. Barr and E.A. Feigenbaum, editors, Vol. I, Stanford and Los Altos, CA.: HeurisTech Press and William Kaufmann, 1981; Vol. II, Barr and Feigenbaum, 1982; Vol. III, Cohen and Feigenbaum, 1982.) Bundy, Alan, editor. 1990. Catalog of Artificial Intelligence Tools. New York: Springer-Verlag. Considine, Douglas M., editor and Glenn Considine, managing editor. 1994. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Eighth Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Gabbay, D. M., C. J. Hogger, and J. A. Robinson, editors. 1993. Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming. 5 vols. Volume Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hoffman, Bob, editor. Encyclopedia of Educational Technology Ralston, A., E. D. Reilly and D. Hemmendinger, Eds. Encyclopedia of Computer Science, Fourth Edition, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., NY, 2000,
Shapiro, Stuart C., editor. 1992. Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Several hundred entries define and explain key terms in AI. Many entries are quite technical.
AI Textbooks with Supplementary Online Material
 AAAI Video Archive: "The AAAI Video Archive site is a master catalog of videos about AI stored digitally on other sites, or physically in institutional archives. For each video, the virtual archive includes a brief description of the contents and personae of the video, one or more representative, short clips for classroom or individual use, and the location of the archival copy (e.g., at a university library). The Video Archive is part of AAAI's ongoing effort to communicate the science of AI to interested people around the world." Internet Archive: "a 501(c)(3) non-profit that was founded to build an Internet library, with the purpose of offering permanent access for researchers, historians, and scholars to historical collections that exist in digital format.
ResearchChannel: "a nonprofit media and technology organization that connects a global audience with the research and academic institutions whose developments, insights and discoveries affect our lives and futures. An intellectual community, ResearchChannel was founded in 1996 by leading research and academic institutions so they could share the work of their researchers with the public. These ideas are shared in their original form -- unmediated and without interruption." The ACM Computing Classification System (1998 Version; valid in 2005). Copyright 2005, by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
Scientific DataLink’s Artificial Intelligence Classification Scheme. By David L. Waltz. AI Magazine 6(1): Spring 1985, 58-63. "The major decision I had to make was whether to use the existing ACM index scheme and add to it, or start with a fresh sheet of paper and devise my own. I decided to stick with ACM's top two levels, only adding, not modifying, major headings." ACM Crossroads, the Student Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. Be sure to check out their back issues addressing topics such as Ethics and Computer Science, Cognitive Science, Artificial Life, Intelligent Agents, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence. AI Expert Newsletter from Dr. Dobb's Journal. AI journal list from A.I. Lab at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington.  AI Magazine: "an official publication of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. ... Called the 'journal of record for the AI community,' AI Magazine helps AAAI members stay abreast of significant new research and literature across the entire field of artificial intelligence. This quarterly publication features timely, feature-length articles, consistently crafted to be clear enough to permit specialists to review work outside their particular area of expertise." Tables of contents for all issues are available online as are abstracts and full-text for selected issues. Artificial Intelligence Journals. Maintained by Miquel Sànchez i Marrè, Associate Professor, Artificial Intelligence Section of the Software Department, Technical University of Catalonia (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya). Directory of Computing Science Journals (Alphabetical Journal List): "Now 522 journals, with 414 publisher's title pages, 226 tables of contents, 65 abstracts directories, 112 home pages, 159 bibliographies, 16 full-text archives and on-line journals, and other information." A demonstration project of the Internet Electronic Library Project at SFU; Professor Robert D. Cameron, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine "covers all areas of computational intelligence design and applications: applications oriented developments, successful industrial implementations, design tools, technology reviews, computational intelligence education, and applied research." IEEE Intelligent Systems, a bimonthly publication of the IEEE Computer Society. Scope: "New and current applications of intelligent systems, including expert systems, robotics and embedded intelligence. Also available from IEEE Xplore JAIR, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, "JAIR articles are published for free distribution on the internet by the AI Access Foundation...." Journals: magazines and journals about AI, Engineering, Design, and more from the AI in Design Webliography, maintained by Dave Brown, Computer Science Department at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). PC AI Magazine, "Where Intelligent Technology Meets the Real World." Technology Review: "Technology Review and Technologyreview.com are published by Technology Review Inc., an independent media company owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The oldest technology magazine in the world (est. 1899), Technology Review aims to promote the understanding of emerging technologies and to analyze their commercial, social, and political impacts." - from About Us. What are the ratings of the various AI journals? and Associations and Journals. From AI FAQs, written by Ric Crabbe, Amit Dubey, and Mark Kantrowitz. AI Magazine Book Reviews (1984 - present) Also see: AI in the news |
